Billion-pixel x-ray camera (BiPC-X)

The continuing improvement in quantum efficiency (above 90% for single visible photons), reduction noise (below 1 electron per pixel), and shrink pixel pitch (less than ?m) enable billion-pixel x-ray cameras (BiPC-X) based on commercial complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) imaging sensors. We describe BiPC-X designs prototype construction flexible tiling of CMOS sensors with millions pixels. Device models are given direct detection low energy x rays (<10 keV) indirect higher energies using scintillators. Modified Birks’s law is proposed light yield non-proportionality scintillators as a function energy. Single sensitivity spatial resolution have been validated experimentally laboratory source the Argonne Advanced Photon Source. Possible applications include wide field-of-view or large aperture measurements high-temperature plasmas, state-of-the-art synchrotron, free laser, pulsed power facilities.